Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Emily plays the piano well, ___?

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Fiona _______to John’s birthday by him last night

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

You are always asking me________the money. Ask somebody else_______a change

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

It is necessary for parents these days to be ______  in dealing with their children

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

He bought a______house as a gift for his new wife

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

She hurt herself while she________hide-and-seek with her friends.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

We didn’t go anywhere yesterday ________ the rain

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

……., I will complete every exercise in my textbook

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

……the report to the manager, she decided to take a rest

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

In the movie, he plays a concerned and _______ father trying to bring up two teenage children on his own

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

Everybody in the house woke up when the burglar alarm 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

This director has _______ some famous films but I think this one is the best

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

The biggest fear is that humans might ________ control over robots.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

I won't buy that car because it has too much       on it.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions

________ of the financial crisis, all they could do was hold on and hope that things would improve

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions

All the students were all ears when the teacher started talking about the changes in the next exam

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions

Recognised as a World Heritage Site in 1983, the Taj Mahal Complex, including the tomb, mosque, guest house, and main gate, has preserved the original qualities of the buildings

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions

Unemployment will be a dominant issue at the next meeting of the city council

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions

She was unhappy that she lost contact with a lot of her old friends when she went abroad to study

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges

Lan And Hoa are talking about taking part in non- profit organization this summer.

 Mai: - “I like to work part-time for a non-profit organization this summer.”

 Hoa : - “_____________________.”

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges

Peter is  talking to Laura about her house.

 Peter : “What a lovely house you have!”

Laura:  _____________________________________

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

Some doctors think that you should drink a glass of water each morning. You should drink this water first thing before doing anything else. The (26) ______ of the water should be similar to body temperature; (27) ______ too hot nor too cold. Why should you drink this water? Water helps your body in many ways. It helps clean out your kidneys. It prepares your stomach for (28) ______, Water can also help your intestines work better. After drinking water, the intestines can more easily take out nutrients from our food. Water also helps us go to the bathroom more easily,

Scientists suggest that people (29) ______ 1,600 milliliters of water each day. But don't drink all of that water in one sitting. If you do, your kidneys will have to work much harder to eliminate it. It's better to drink some in the morning and some in the afternoon. Some people think it's better to drink between meals and not during meals. They think water dilutes the juices produced in our stomachs, (30) ______ can interfere with normal digestion. Are you drinking enough water every day? Check the color of your urine. If it is light yellow, you are probably drinking enough. If your urine is very dark yellow, you probably need to drink more water. A little more water each day could make you much healthier!

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

Some doctors think that you should drink a glass of water each morning. You should drink this water first thing before doing anything else. The (26) ______ of the water should be similar to body temperature; (27) ______ too hot nor too cold. Why should you drink this water? Water helps your body in many ways. It helps clean out your kidneys. It prepares your stomach for (28) ______, Water can also help your intestines work better. After drinking water, the intestines can more easily take out nutrients from our food. Water also helps us go to the bathroom more easily,

Scientists suggest that people (29) ______ 1,600 milliliters of water each day. But don't drink all of that water in one sitting. If you do, your kidneys will have to work much harder to eliminate it. It's better to drink some in the morning and some in the afternoon. Some people think it's better to drink between meals and not during meals. They think water dilutes the juices produced in our stomachs, (30) ______ can interfere with normal digestion. Are you drinking enough water every day? Check the color of your urine. If it is light yellow, you are probably drinking enough. If your urine is very dark yellow, you probably need to drink more water. A little more water each day could make you much healthier!

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

Some doctors think that you should drink a glass of water each morning. You should drink this water first thing before doing anything else. The (26) ______ of the water should be similar to body temperature; (27) ______ too hot nor too cold. Why should you drink this water? Water helps your body in many ways. It helps clean out your kidneys. It prepares your stomach for (28) ______, Water can also help your intestines work better. After drinking water, the intestines can more easily take out nutrients from our food. Water also helps us go to the bathroom more easily,

Scientists suggest that people (29) ______ 1,600 milliliters of water each day. But don't drink all of that water in one sitting. If you do, your kidneys will have to work much harder to eliminate it. It's better to drink some in the morning and some in the afternoon. Some people think it's better to drink between meals and not during meals. They think water dilutes the juices produced in our stomachs, (30) ______ can interfere with normal digestion. Are you drinking enough water every day? Check the color of your urine. If it is light yellow, you are probably drinking enough. If your urine is very dark yellow, you probably need to drink more water. A little more water each day could make you much healthier!

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

Some doctors think that you should drink a glass of water each morning. You should drink this water first thing before doing anything else. The (26) ______ of the water should be similar to body temperature; (27) ______ too hot nor too cold. Why should you drink this water? Water helps your body in many ways. It helps clean out your kidneys. It prepares your stomach for (28) ______, Water can also help your intestines work better. After drinking water, the intestines can more easily take out nutrients from our food. Water also helps us go to the bathroom more easily,

Scientists suggest that people (29) ______ 1,600 milliliters of water each day. But don't drink all of that water in one sitting. If you do, your kidneys will have to work much harder to eliminate it. It's better to drink some in the morning and some in the afternoon. Some people think it's better to drink between meals and not during meals. They think water dilutes the juices produced in our stomachs, (30) ______ can interfere with normal digestion. Are you drinking enough water every day? Check the color of your urine. If it is light yellow, you are probably drinking enough. If your urine is very dark yellow, you probably need to drink more water. A little more water each day could make you much healthier!

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to complete the passage.

Some doctors think that you should drink a glass of water each morning. You should drink this water first thing before doing anything else. The (26) ______ of the water should be similar to body temperature; (27) ______ too hot nor too cold. Why should you drink this water? Water helps your body in many ways. It helps clean out your kidneys. It prepares your stomach for (28) ______, Water can also help your intestines work better. After drinking water, the intestines can more easily take out nutrients from our food. Water also helps us go to the bathroom more easily,

Scientists suggest that people (29) ______ 1,600 milliliters of water each day. But don't drink all of that water in one sitting. If you do, your kidneys will have to work much harder to eliminate it. It's better to drink some in the morning and some in the afternoon. Some people think it's better to drink between meals and not during meals. They think water dilutes the juices produced in our stomachs, (30) ______ can interfere with normal digestion. Are you drinking enough water every day? Check the color of your urine. If it is light yellow, you are probably drinking enough. If your urine is very dark yellow, you probably need to drink more water. A little more water each day could make you much healthier!

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Accidents do not occur at random. People, eighty-five years of age and older, are twenty-two times likely to die accidentally than are children five to nine years old. The risk for native Americans is four times that for Asian-Americans and twice that for white Americans or African-Americans. Males suffer accidents at more than twice the rate of females, in part because they are more prone to risky behavior. Alaskans are more than three times as likely as Rhode Islanders to die in an accident. Texans are twenty-one times more likely than New Jerseyites to die in a natural disaster. Among the one hundred most populous counties, Kern County, California (Bakersfield), has an accident fatality rate three times greater than Summit County, Ohio (Akron).

Accidents happen more often to poor people. Those living in poverty receive inferior medical care, are more apt to reside in houses with faulty heating and electrical systems, drive older cars with fewer safety features, and are less likely to use safety belts. People in rural areas have more accidents than city or suburban dwellers because farming is much riskier than working in a factory or office and because emergency medical services are less readily available. These two factors - low income and rural residence - may explain why the south has a higher accident rate than the north

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Accidents do not occur at random. People, eighty-five years of age and older, are twenty-two times likely to die accidentally than are children five to nine years old. The risk for native Americans is four times that for Asian-Americans and twice that for white Americans or African-Americans. Males suffer accidents at more than twice the rate of females, in part because they are more prone to risky behavior. Alaskans are more than three times as likely as Rhode Islanders to die in an accident. Texans are twenty-one times more likely than New Jerseyites to die in a natural disaster. Among the one hundred most populous counties, Kern County, California (Bakersfield), has an accident fatality rate three times greater than Summit County, Ohio (Akron).

Accidents happen more often to poor people. Those living in poverty receive inferior medical care, are more apt to reside in houses with faulty heating and electrical systems, drive older cars with fewer safety features, and are less likely to use safety belts. People in rural areas have more accidents than city or suburban dwellers because farming is much riskier than working in a factory or office and because emergency medical services are less readily available. These two factors - low income and rural residence - may explain why the south has a higher accident rate than the north

The word “accidentally” in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Accidents do not occur at random. People, eighty-five years of age and older, are twenty-two times likely to die accidentally than are children five to nine years old. The risk for native Americans is four times that for Asian-Americans and twice that for white Americans or African-Americans. Males suffer accidents at more than twice the rate of females, in part because they are more prone to risky behavior. Alaskans are more than three times as likely as Rhode Islanders to die in an accident. Texans are twenty-one times more likely than New Jerseyites to die in a natural disaster. Among the one hundred most populous counties, Kern County, California (Bakersfield), has an accident fatality rate three times greater than Summit County, Ohio (Akron).

Accidents happen more often to poor people. Those living in poverty receive inferior medical care, are more apt to reside in houses with faulty heating and electrical systems, drive older cars with fewer safety features, and are less likely to use safety belts. People in rural areas have more accidents than city or suburban dwellers because farming is much riskier than working in a factory or office and because emergency medical services are less readily available. These two factors - low income and rural residence - may explain why the south has a higher accident rate than the north

According to the passage, which of the following groups of people in America face the highest risk of having an accident?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Accidents do not occur at random. People, eighty-five years of age and older, are twenty-two times likely to die accidentally than are children five to nine years old. The risk for native Americans is four times that for Asian-Americans and twice that for white Americans or African-Americans. Males suffer accidents at more than twice the rate of females, in part because they are more prone to risky behavior. Alaskans are more than three times as likely as Rhode Islanders to die in an accident. Texans are twenty-one times more likely than New Jerseyites to die in a natural disaster. Among the one hundred most populous counties, Kern County, California (Bakersfield), has an accident fatality rate three times greater than Summit County, Ohio (Akron).

Accidents happen more often to poor people. Those living in poverty receive inferior medical care, are more apt to reside in houses with faulty heating and electrical systems, drive older cars with fewer safety features, and are less likely to use safety belts. People in rural areas have more accidents than city or suburban dwellers because farming is much riskier than working in a factory or office and because emergency medical services are less readily available. These two factors - low income and rural residence - may explain why the south has a higher accident rate than the nort

What does the word “that” in the passage refer to _______?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Accidents do not occur at random. People, eighty-five years of age and older, are twenty-two times likely to die accidentally than are children five to nine years old. The risk for native Americans is four times that for Asian-Americans and twice that for white Americans or African-Americans. Males suffer accidents at more than twice the rate of females, in part because they are more prone to risky behavior. Alaskans are more than three times as likely as Rhode Islanders to die in an accident. Texans are twenty-one times more likely than New Jerseyites to die in a natural disaster. Among the one hundred most populous counties, Kern County, California (Bakersfield), has an accident fatality rate three times greater than Summit County, Ohio (Akron).

Accidents happen more often to poor people. Those living in poverty receive inferior medical care, are more apt to reside in houses with faulty heating and electrical systems, drive older cars with fewer safety features, and are less likely to use safety belts. People in rural areas have more accidents than city or suburban dwellers because farming is much riskier than working in a factory or office and because emergency medical services are less readily available. These two factors - low income and rural residence - may explain why the south has a higher accident rate than the north

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for a higher accident rate among the poor?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Hibernation is typically linked to seasonal changes that limit food supplies. It is identified by metabolic suppression, a drop in body temperature and torpor- a sleep- like state- interspersed with brief bouts of wakefulness. Though certain species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles are known to lie dormant during cold winter months, hibernation is generally associated with mammals, according to Don Wilson, a curator emeritus of vertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Endothermic mammals- “warm- blooded” animals that generate body heat internally- need a constant energy source to keep their engines running, Wilson told Live Science. And when that energy source becomes difficult to find, hibernation can help them weather harsh conditions.

“During times of the year when that energy source is missing- especially in northern climates- one coping mechanism is to just shut down,” he said. “They’ll feed heavily during the few months when food is plentiful and build up fat, then go to sleep and live off their fat reserves”.

A special type of fat called “brown fat” accumulates in hibernating mammals, Wilson said. Bats that hibernate develop brown fat on their backs between their shoulder blades, but mammals can also store brown fat in their bellies and elsewhere in their bodies, Wilson said.

Brown fat goes a long way because the hibernating animal draws on it very slowly, reducing their metabolism to as little as 2 percent of their normal rate, according to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Their core body temperature is also greatly reduced. It generally hovers close to the air temperature in the animal’s den but can sometimes fall as low as 27 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celcius) in Arctic ground squirrels, according to Kelly Drew, a neurochemist and professor with the Institute of Artic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Arctic ground squirrels’ bouts or torpor last about two or three weeks, Drew told Live Science, and the animals rouse “ pretty consistently” for about 12 to 24 hours, before resuming their winter sleep. They repeat this process for up to eight months.

But even though Arctic squirrels maintain a lower body temperature than any other hibernating mammal, the changes in their bodies overall aren’t that different from those that occur in other hibernating mammals, Drew said.

“The quality of mammalian hibernation is similar from bears to hamsters to ground squirrels,” Drew said. “The distinguishing feature is how cold they get”.

The word “weather” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Hibernation is typically linked to seasonal changes that limit food supplies. It is identified by metabolic suppression, a drop in body temperature and torpor- a sleep- like state- interspersed with brief bouts of wakefulness. Though certain species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles are known to lie dormant during cold winter months, hibernation is generally associated with mammals, according to Don Wilson, a curator emeritus of vertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Endothermic mammals- “warm- blooded” animals that generate body heat internally- need a constant energy source to keep their engines running, Wilson told Live Science. And when that energy source becomes difficult to find, hibernation can help them weather harsh conditions.

“During times of the year when that energy source is missing- especially in northern climates- one coping mechanism is to just shut down,” he said. “They’ll feed heavily during the few months when food is plentiful and build up fat, then go to sleep and live off their fat reserves”.

A special type of fat called “brown fat” accumulates in hibernating mammals, Wilson said. Bats that hibernate develop brown fat on their backs between their shoulder blades, but mammals can also store brown fat in their bellies and elsewhere in their bodies, Wilson said.

Brown fat goes a long way because the hibernating animal draws on it very slowly, reducing their metabolism to as little as 2 percent of their normal rate, according to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Their core body temperature is also greatly reduced. It generally hovers close to the air temperature in the animal’s den but can sometimes fall as low as 27 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celcius) in Arctic ground squirrels, according to Kelly Drew, a neurochemist and professor with the Institute of Artic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Arctic ground squirrels’ bouts or torpor last about two or three weeks, Drew told Live Science, and the animals rouse “ pretty consistently” for about 12 to 24 hours, before resuming their winter sleep. They repeat this process for up to eight months.

But even though Arctic squirrels maintain a lower body temperature than any other hibernating mammal, the changes in their bodies overall aren’t that different from those that occur in other hibernating mammals, Drew said.

“The quality of mammalian hibernation is similar from bears to hamsters to ground squirrels,” Drew said. “The distinguishing feature is how cold they get”.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Hibernation is typically linked to seasonal changes that limit food supplies. It is identified by metabolic suppression, a drop in body temperature and torpor- a sleep- like state- interspersed with brief bouts of wakefulness. Though certain species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles are known to lie dormant during cold winter months, hibernation is generally associated with mammals, according to Don Wilson, a curator emeritus of vertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Endothermic mammals- “warm- blooded” animals that generate body heat internally- need a constant energy source to keep their engines running, Wilson told Live Science. And when that energy source becomes difficult to find, hibernation can help them weather harsh conditions.

“During times of the year when that energy source is missing- especially in northern climates- one coping mechanism is to just shut down,” he said. “They’ll feed heavily during the few months when food is plentiful and build up fat, then go to sleep and live off their fat reserves”.

A special type of fat called “brown fat” accumulates in hibernating mammals, Wilson said. Bats that hibernate develop brown fat on their backs between their shoulder blades, but mammals can also store brown fat in their bellies and elsewhere in their bodies, Wilson said.

Brown fat goes a long way because the hibernating animal draws on it very slowly, reducing their metabolism to as little as 2 percent of their normal rate, according to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Their core body temperature is also greatly reduced. It generally hovers close to the air temperature in the animal’s den but can sometimes fall as low as 27 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celcius) in Arctic ground squirrels, according to Kelly Drew, a neurochemist and professor with the Institute of Artic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Arctic ground squirrels’ bouts or torpor last about two or three weeks, Drew told Live Science, and the animals rouse “ pretty consistently” for about 12 to 24 hours, before resuming their winter sleep. They repeat this process for up to eight months.

But even though Arctic squirrels maintain a lower body temperature than any other hibernating mammal, the changes in their bodies overall aren’t that different from those that occur in other hibernating mammals, Drew said.

“The quality of mammalian hibernation is similar from bears to hamsters to ground squirrels,” Drew said. “The distinguishing feature is how cold they get”.

Where on the hibernating bat’s body is brown fat mostly likely to be found?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Hibernation is typically linked to seasonal changes that limit food supplies. It is identified by metabolic suppression, a drop in body temperature and torpor- a sleep- like state- interspersed with brief bouts of wakefulness. Though certain species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles are known to lie dormant during cold winter months, hibernation is generally associated with mammals, according to Don Wilson, a curator emeritus of vertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Endothermic mammals- “warm- blooded” animals that generate body heat internally- need a constant energy source to keep their engines running, Wilson told Live Science. And when that energy source becomes difficult to find, hibernation can help them weather harsh conditions.

“During times of the year when that energy source is missing- especially in northern climates- one coping mechanism is to just shut down,” he said. “They’ll feed heavily during the few months when food is plentiful and build up fat, then go to sleep and live off their fat reserves”.

A special type of fat called “brown fat” accumulates in hibernating mammals, Wilson said. Bats that hibernate develop brown fat on their backs between their shoulder blades, but mammals can also store brown fat in their bellies and elsewhere in their bodies, Wilson said.

Brown fat goes a long way because the hibernating animal draws on it very slowly, reducing their metabolism to as little as 2 percent of their normal rate, according to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Their core body temperature is also greatly reduced. It generally hovers close to the air temperature in the animal’s den but can sometimes fall as low as 27 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celcius) in Arctic ground squirrels, according to Kelly Drew, a neurochemist and professor with the Institute of Artic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Arctic ground squirrels’ bouts or torpor last about two or three weeks, Drew told Live Science, and the animals rouse “ pretty consistently” for about 12 to 24 hours, before resuming their winter sleep. They repeat this process for up to eight months.

But even though Arctic squirrels maintain a lower body temperature than any other hibernating mammal, the changes in their bodies overall aren’t that different from those that occur in other hibernating mammals, Drew said.

“The quality of mammalian hibernation is similar from bears to hamsters to ground squirrels,” Drew said. “The distinguishing feature is how cold they get”.

According to the passage, the metabolism in hibernating animals is reduced by ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Hibernation is typically linked to seasonal changes that limit food supplies. It is identified by metabolic suppression, a drop in body temperature and torpor- a sleep- like state- interspersed with brief bouts of wakefulness. Though certain species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles are known to lie dormant during cold winter months, hibernation is generally associated with mammals, according to Don Wilson, a curator emeritus of vertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Endothermic mammals- “warm- blooded” animals that generate body heat internally- need a constant energy source to keep their engines running, Wilson told Live Science. And when that energy source becomes difficult to find, hibernation can help them weather harsh conditions.

“During times of the year when that energy source is missing- especially in northern climates- one coping mechanism is to just shut down,” he said. “They’ll feed heavily during the few months when food is plentiful and build up fat, then go to sleep and live off their fat reserves”.

A special type of fat called “brown fat” accumulates in hibernating mammals, Wilson said. Bats that hibernate develop brown fat on their backs between their shoulder blades, but mammals can also store brown fat in their bellies and elsewhere in their bodies, Wilson said.

Brown fat goes a long way because the hibernating animal draws on it very slowly, reducing their metabolism to as little as 2 percent of their normal rate, according to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Their core body temperature is also greatly reduced. It generally hovers close to the air temperature in the animal’s den but can sometimes fall as low as 27 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celcius) in Arctic ground squirrels, according to Kelly Drew, a neurochemist and professor with the Institute of Artic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Arctic ground squirrels’ bouts or torpor last about two or three weeks, Drew told Live Science, and the animals rouse “ pretty consistently” for about 12 to 24 hours, before resuming their winter sleep. They repeat this process for up to eight months.

But even though Arctic squirrels maintain a lower body temperature than any other hibernating mammal, the changes in their bodies overall aren’t that different from those that occur in other hibernating mammals, Drew said.

“The quality of mammalian hibernation is similar from bears to hamsters to ground squirrels,” Drew said. “The distinguishing feature is how cold they get”.

What does the word “their” in paragraph 4 refer to _______?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Hibernation is typically linked to seasonal changes that limit food supplies. It is identified by metabolic suppression, a drop in body temperature and torpor- a sleep- like state- interspersed with brief bouts of wakefulness. Though certain species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles are known to lie dormant during cold winter months, hibernation is generally associated with mammals, according to Don Wilson, a curator emeritus of vertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Endothermic mammals- “warm- blooded” animals that generate body heat internally- need a constant energy source to keep their engines running, Wilson told Live Science. And when that energy source becomes difficult to find, hibernation can help them weather harsh conditions.

“During times of the year when that energy source is missing- especially in northern climates- one coping mechanism is to just shut down,” he said. “They’ll feed heavily during the few months when food is plentiful and build up fat, then go to sleep and live off their fat reserves”.

A special type of fat called “brown fat” accumulates in hibernating mammals, Wilson said. Bats that hibernate develop brown fat on their backs between their shoulder blades, but mammals can also store brown fat in their bellies and elsewhere in their bodies, Wilson said.

Brown fat goes a long way because the hibernating animal draws on it very slowly, reducing their metabolism to as little as 2 percent of their normal rate, according to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Their core body temperature is also greatly reduced. It generally hovers close to the air temperature in the animal’s den but can sometimes fall as low as 27 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celcius) in Arctic ground squirrels, according to Kelly Drew, a neurochemist and professor with the Institute of Artic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Arctic ground squirrels’ bouts or torpor last about two or three weeks, Drew told Live Science, and the animals rouse “ pretty consistently” for about 12 to 24 hours, before resuming their winter sleep. They repeat this process for up to eight months.

But even though Arctic squirrels maintain a lower body temperature than any other hibernating mammal, the changes in their bodies overall aren’t that different from those that occur in other hibernating mammals, Drew said.

“The quality of mammalian hibernation is similar from bears to hamsters to ground squirrels,” Drew said. “The distinguishing feature is how cold they get”.

The word “dormant” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Hibernation is typically linked to seasonal changes that limit food supplies. It is identified by metabolic suppression, a drop in body temperature and torpor- a sleep- like state- interspersed with brief bouts of wakefulness. Though certain species of fish, amphibians, birds and reptiles are known to lie dormant during cold winter months, hibernation is generally associated with mammals, according to Don Wilson, a curator emeritus of vertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Endothermic mammals- “warm- blooded” animals that generate body heat internally- need a constant energy source to keep their engines running, Wilson told Live Science. And when that energy source becomes difficult to find, hibernation can help them weather harsh conditions.

“During times of the year when that energy source is missing- especially in northern climates- one coping mechanism is to just shut down,” he said. “They’ll feed heavily during the few months when food is plentiful and build up fat, then go to sleep and live off their fat reserves”.

A special type of fat called “brown fat” accumulates in hibernating mammals, Wilson said. Bats that hibernate develop brown fat on their backs between their shoulder blades, but mammals can also store brown fat in their bellies and elsewhere in their bodies, Wilson said.

Brown fat goes a long way because the hibernating animal draws on it very slowly, reducing their metabolism to as little as 2 percent of their normal rate, according to a 2007 study published in the Journal of Neurochemistry.

Their core body temperature is also greatly reduced. It generally hovers close to the air temperature in the animal’s den but can sometimes fall as low as 27 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celcius) in Arctic ground squirrels, according to Kelly Drew, a neurochemist and professor with the Institute of Artic Biology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Arctic ground squirrels’ bouts or torpor last about two or three weeks, Drew told Live Science, and the animals rouse “ pretty consistently” for about 12 to 24 hours, before resuming their winter sleep. They repeat this process for up to eight months.

But even though Arctic squirrels maintain a lower body temperature than any other hibernating mammal, the changes in their bodies overall aren’t that different from those that occur in other hibernating mammals, Drew said.

“The quality of mammalian hibernation is similar from bears to hamsters to ground squirrels,” Drew said. “The distinguishing feature is how cold they get”.

How much can the Artic ground squirrel’s body temperature reduce to?

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