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Câu hỏi:

19/07/2024 140

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.

While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration, Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?

A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades

B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow

C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party

Đáp án chính xác

D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company

Trả lời:

verified Giải bởi Vietjack

Đáp án C.

Keywords: example, third form of cooperation, fourth paragraph.

Clue: “The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship”: Thái độ của các bên hoàn toàn là thái độ cơ hội: tô chức lỏng lẻo và mỏng manh. Sự điu tiết bao gồm những phương thức chung nhm đạt được mục tiêu đi nghịch: Tổ chức sẽ tan rã khi phương thức chung này ngừng trợ giúp mỗi bên trong việc đạt được mục tiêu. Nói một cách khắt khe thì đây hoàn toàn không phải là hợp tác, và vì vậy thuật ngữ hợp tác đi nghịch có phần mâu thuẫn này vẫn thnh thoảng được sử dụng để gọi mối quan hệ hợp tác này.

Phân tích: Chọn đáp án C. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party: Hai bên đi th chính trị nht thời hợp tác đánh bại bên thứ ba.

Do nht thời hp tác nên tổ chức giữa hai bên chính trị này có thể không chặt chẽ và sẽ tan rã sau khi đánh bại được bên thứ ba. Dù là đi thủ nhưng cùng hp tác đánh bại một mục tiêu chung. Các đáp án khác không phù hợp.

A. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades: Những em học sinh tạo thành một nhóm học tập đ tất c các em cùng ci thiện điểm số.

B. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow: Thành viên ca cộng đồng nông nghiệp chia sẻ công việc và lương thực họ trồng được.

D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company: Mật công ty mới c gắng lôi kéo khách hàng khỏi một công ty danh tiếng. (Các em chú ý “established company” ờ đây không phải là một công ty đã được thành lập mà phải hiểu là một công ty sừng sỏ, lâu đời, có uy tín).

Câu trả lời này có hữu ích không?

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Câu 4:

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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word in each of the following questions

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Mark the letter A, B, c or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

He might have forgotten the place you’d arranged to meet at.

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Câu 13:

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Most forms of property are concrete and tangible, such as houses, cars, furniture or anything else that is included in one’s possessions. Other forms of property can be intangible, and copyright deals with intangible forms of property. Copyright is a legal protection extended to authors of creative works, for example, books, magazine articles, maps, films, plays, television shows, software, paintings, photographs, music, choreography in dance and all other forms of intellectual or artistic property.

Although the purpose of artistic property is usually public use and enjoyment, copyright establishes the ownership of the creator. When a person buys a copyrighted magazine, it belongs to this individual as a tangible object. However, the authors of the magazine articles own the research and the writing that went into creating the articles. The right to make and sell or give away copies of books or articles belongs to the authors, publishers, or other individuals or organizations that hold the copyright. To copy an entire book or a part of it, permission must be received from the copyright owner, who will most likely expect to be paid.

Copyright law distinguishes between different types of intellectual property. Music may be played by anyone after it is published. However, if it is performed for profit, the performers need to pay a fee, called a royalty. A similar principle applies to performances of songs and plays. On the other hand, names, ideas, and book titles are excepted. Ideas do not become copyrighted property until they are published in a book, a painting or a musical work. Almost all artistic work created before the 20th century is not copyrighted because it was created before the copyright law was passed.

The two common ways of infringing upon the copyright are plagiarism and piracy. Plagiarizing the work of another person means passing it off as one’s own. The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin plagiarus, which means “abductor”. Piracy may be an act of one person, but, in many cases, it is a joint effort of several people who reproduce copyrighted material and sell it for profit without paying royalties to the creator. Technological innovations have made piracy easy and anyone can duplicate a motion picture on videotape, a computer program, or a book. Video cassette recorders can be used by practically anyone to copy movies and television programs, and copying software has become almost as easy as copying a book. Large companies zealously monitor their copyrights for slogans, advertisements, and brand names, protected by a trademark.

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