(19) __________

Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959-1973 and changed New York politics. He began as a liberal, but grew more conservative: he responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws. The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975. The state took substantial budgetary control, which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence.

(20) __________

The Executive Mansion was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo. Late-century Democrats became more centrist, including US Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1977-2001) and New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1978-1989), while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party. They gained power through the elections of Senator Alfonse D’Amato in 1980, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in 1993, and Governor George Pataki in 1994. New York remained one of the most liberal states. In 1984, Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to carry the state, although Republican Michael Bloomberg served as New York City mayor in the early 21^st century.

(15) ___________

Tornqvist adds that understanding how abrupt climate changes affected Earth’s geologic past can help design climate models that can better predict the future.

(1) __________

People travel for many different reasons, such as business and visiting family and friends. When people travel for pleasure, they \  are called tourists. Tourism is the business of encouraging and supporting tourists. Many people go on vacation because they want a break from their everyday lives, or to experience a warmer climate, others enjoy learning about different cultures, tasting new cuisines, and observing different lifestyles.

When the climate began to warm during the last Ice Age about 23,000 years ago, much of the Northern Hemisphere was covered I in ice.

In two new studies published this week in Nature Geoscience, researchers describe how ice sheets behaved in the past could help scientists better predict what might happen to them in a warmer world of our future.          

(11) ___________

University of Wisconsin geologist Anders Carlson studies ice sheet melt from land and ocean sediment cores. His study describes what prehistoric Earth was like in North America and Northern Europe some 140,000 years ago.

(4) _________

Tourists bring a lot of money to the place they are visiting, so they are good for a nation’s wealth, or economy. Money from tourism can be used to build hospitals and schools, and the industry provides employment. Many countries promote tourism by developing areas that will attract visitors. This development sometimes causes concern from environmentalists and local residen.

(17) __________

World War II constituted New York’s last great industrial era. At its conclusion, the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods. Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice. Companies moved to the south and west, seeking lower taxes and a less costly, non-union workforce.

(8) __________

As a matter of fact, it becomes difficult to control personal information in the digital and internet world. Financial details can be hacked into, candid photos or videos posted on the web, slurs, and accusations made against people’s characters, and personal identities can be stolen. With password managers, although they make it so you don’t need to memorize anything, it is really easy for someone who steals a computer and gains instant access to private accounts. And with site cookies, your information may not be encrypted, and thus be accessed by anyone.

(12) ___________

Greenland and Antarctica hold the Earth’s last remaining ice sheets. In July, satellite data showed that 97 percent of the surface of the Greenland ice sheet had turned to slush over four days, a rate faster than at any time in recorded history. According to Carlson, it might be responding rapidly to small changes in temperature, similar to what he saw in the prehistoric record of ice sheets on land.

(13) ___________

A paper in Nature Geoscience looks back 12,000 to 7,000 years to when massive ice sheets still covered the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. At that time, the global climate was roughly comparable to what it is today and glaciers were melting. The study describes abrupt sea level jumps - from one-half to two meters - from melting glaciers.

(14) ___________

“What happens when you suddenly drain these massive amounts of fresh water into the ocean? It’s going to change ocean circulation,” says co-author Torbjorn Tornqvist, an Earth scientist at Tulane University in Louisiana. Today, rapid melting from the Greenland ice sheet would send massive amounts of fresh water into the North Atlantic Ocean, changing the marine environment. “But it will also lead to potentially higher precipitation rates in the same region, which could also lead to fresher surface waters in the North Atlantic,” Tornqvist says. “So we need to understand whether those types of changes could potentially be capable of triggering these kinds of abrupt climate events.”

(5) _________

A recent development in the tourist industry has been the rise of ecotourism. This means that people want to be sure that their travels do not affect the environment, or other people, in a negative way. Some tourists, for example, choose not to travel by plane. Airplanes use a great deal of fuel and release a high level of carbon dioxide, which can harm the environment, other travelers do not buy souvenirs made from endangered animals and plants. They also do not take part in activities that may damage the natural environment. Some vacations are especially designed for ecotourists. They give people a chance to take part in conservation projects.

As the largest state, New York again supplied the most resources during World War II and suffered 31,215 casualties. The war affected the state both socially and economically. For example, to overcome discriminatory labor practices, Governor Herbert H. Lehman created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed the Ives-Quinn bill in 1945, banning employment discrimination.

(16) __________

The G.l. Bill of 1944, which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education, forced New York to create a public university system since its private universities could not handle the influx; the state University of New York was created by Governor Dewey in 1948.

(18) __________

Many workers followed the jobs. The middle class expanded and created suburbs such as the one on Long Island. The automobile accelerated this decentralization; planned communities like Levittown offered affordable middle-class housing. Larger cities stopped growing around 1950. Growth resumed only in New York City, in the 1980s. Buffalo’s population fell by half between 1950 and 2000. Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State’s population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980. California and Texas both surpassed it in population.

(3) ___________

It is easier now than ever before for people to travel for pleasure. Most employees are given time off from work so they can go on vacation. They may also receive wages to cover the time they are away. Companies involved in tourism have made it easy for people to book a break by creating package vacations. Modern communication systems, especially the Internet, have made it simple for people to research and book their vacations. Transportation systems are also more advanced now than at any time in the past. People can fly, drive, or take a train or boat to destinations all around the world.

(6) __________

As online social networking increasingly replaces real face-to-face and physical contact, alienation can increase, as well as problems such as cyber-bullying, online stalking, and cybercrime, which are related to the anonymity of the internet. Humans are social animals, so a lack of physical contact could lead to depression and anxiety. If we become detached from real-world communications, it will be difficult to be a functioning member of society and interact with others in a professional setting.