The amount of fossil fuels in the world is (18) _________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 29 to 35.

Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings.

When writing did develop, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any human child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk: a normal human being cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write. In the past many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write, while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so only imperfectly.

To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized.

Ellen Swallow Richards became the first woman _____, graduate from, and teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

They started a campaign to ______ smoking among teenagers.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 22 to 28.

The Asian Games owes its origins to small Asian multi-sport competitions. The Far Eastern Championship Games were created to show unity and cooperation among three nations: Japan, the Philippines and China. The first games were held in Manila, the Philippines in 1931. Other Asian nations participated after it was organized.

After World War II, a number of Asian countries became independent. Many of the new independent Asian countries wanted to use a new type of competition where Asian dominance should not be shown by violence and should be strengthened by mutual understanding. In August 1948, during the 14th Olympic Games in London, Indian representative Guru Dutt Sondhi proposed to sports leaders of the Asian teams the idea of having discussions about holding the Asian Games. They agreed to form the Asian Athletic Federation. A preparatory committee was set up to draft the charter for the Asian amateur athletic federation. In February, 1949, the Asian athletic federation was formed and used the name Asian Games Federation. It was decided to hold the first Asian Games in 1951 in New Delhi the capital of India. They added that the Asian Games would be regularly held once every four years.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 17 to 21.

We need energy to live and work. Our major source of (17) _________is oil. Oil is one kind of fossil fuel. The amount of fossil fuels in the world is (18) _________. Therefore, we must save it, and at the same time, we must find new sources of energy. Geothermal heat and nuclear power are alternative (19) _________of energy. They can give us electricity. Other alternative sources (20) _________ the sun, waves and water. These sources are not only unlimited and available (21)_________clean and safe for the environment. People should develop and use them more and more in the future.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Oil, coal and natural gas are ______ fuels made from decayed material from animals or plants.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Oil spills are having a devastating effect on coral reefs in the ocean.

She cycled from London to Glasgow, ______ is pretty good for a woman of 75.

In order to show that learning to write requires effort, the author gives the example of ______.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D in your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions

The computer-based tests will test your ability to understand spoken English, to read nontechnical language, and writing correctly.