5. Alcohol which is associated with health risks such as liver disease and cancer should be avoided to stay healthy (ASSOCIATED)

→ ____________________________________________________________________

Warning about the bad effects of emissions, factories applied technology to purify them before discharging.

Read the passage and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.

The duration of human life, or longevity, is influenced by genetics, the environment, and lifestyle. Environmental improvements beginning in the 1900s extended the average lifespan dramatically with significant improvements in the availability of food and clean water, better housing and living conditions, reduced exposure to infectious diseases, and access to medical care. Most significant were public health advances that reduced premature death by decreasing the risk of infant mortality, increasing the chances of surviving childhood, and avoiding infection and communicable disease.

Scientists are studying people in their nineties (called nonagenarians) and hundreds (called centenarians, including semi-supercentenarians of ages 105-109 years and supercentenarians, ages 110+) to determine what contributes to their long Ilves. They have found that long-lived individuals have little in common with one another In education, income, or profession. The similarities they do share, however, reflect their lifestyles— many are nonsmokers, are not obese, and cope well with stress. Also, most are women. Because of their healthy habits, these older adults are less likely to develop age-related chronic diseases, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, than their same-age peers.

The siblings and children of long-lived individuals are more likely to remain healthy longer and to live to an older age than their peers. People with centenarian parents are less likely at age 70 to have the age-related diseases that are common among older adults. The brothers and sisters of centenarians typically have long lives, and if they develop age-related, these diseases appear later than the general population. Longer lifespans tend to run in families, which suggests that shared genetics, lifestyle, or both play an important role in determining longevity.

(Genetics Home Reference)

1. According to the passage, which of the following factor does NOT affect the extension of lifespan?

2. The word “premature” in line 4 can be replaced by “__________”.

Choose the best option to complete each of the following sentences.

 Some teachers believe that creating a(n)_________ environment helps students learn better.

Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently