Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Causes and Effects of Urbaisation

Urbanisation is growing in both less-developed and more developed countries. Urbanisation is the shift from a rural to an urban society, bring a large concentration of people in towns and cities. This process usually occurs when a nation is still developing. The trend toward urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon. The chief cause of global urbanization is the new economic opportunities it brings to people and governments; however, it has both positive and negative effects on society.

Urbanization has many adverse effects on the structure of society as gigantic concentrations of people compete for limited resources. Rapid housing construction leads to overcrowding and slums, which experience major problems such as poverty, poor sanitation, unemployment and high crime rates. Additionally, strains on important natural resources, such as water supply, leads to higher prices and general environmental sustainability problems.

Urbanization makes people dependent on others for basic necessities; urban-dwellers must rely on the rural hinterland for agricultural production, for instance, because city residents do not have enough land to grow their own food. Urban-dwellers suffer the psychological degradation that comes from depending on other people to accomplish the activities of daily life, from transportation to education to entertainment.

Urbanization offers real economic opportunities to people who would otherwise be destined to subsistence living without hope for economic improvement. There is an overall growth in commercial opportunities with urbanization, resulting in more profits and more jobs. As the economy grows, all of society benefits from internal improvements.

Urbanisation will be at the top when _____________.