The word "hyperactive" is closest in meaning to _____.

The word “bizarre” is closest meaning to ..........

Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men?

The words “this faculty” refers to the sea cucumber’s ability to ....

Before the 1500’s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present – day North Dakota.They had large villages of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next. The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower. Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring, clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn could be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance. Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored in animal – skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for alter use in underground reserves. With appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompany hunger. The woman planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stored them. Once again, they saved the seeds from the best of the year’s crop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the older men.

Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by both men and women?

Which of the following is NOT true ?

The author uses the word “indeed” in the second paragraph for what purpose?

The word “them” in the last paragraph refers to _____.

What is stated in paragraph 1 about Adler?

Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the italic sentence in paragraph 3 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 

The word “disaster” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _____.

All of the following are mentioned in the passage about supercells EXCEPT that they ________.

According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumbers important?

What can be inferred about the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber?

The phrase “casts off” is closest in meaning to ..........

A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior , and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar response s in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.

 Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.

 Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar, positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns was found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-orderpositions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later- borns.

 Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting, and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.

 The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last- borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions.They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organizations such as sororities and fraternities.

 Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first - borns and some of the characteristics of last - borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self - esteem exhibited by lastborns while, like first - borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle - or last - borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children. 

The word body " in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by______