Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the following questions from 8 to 10. 

It is now obligatory for visitors to leave umbrellas and sticks in the cloakroom.

You had better keep a box of matches ______ in case the lights go out again.

They decided to place _______ African elephant on their List of Endangered Species.

Remember ______ your answer before handing in your exam paper.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 37. 

By the time you receive this letter, I ______ for Japan.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions from 13 to 15. 

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges from 47 to 48. 

You may borrow as many books as you like, provided you show them to ______ is at the desk.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 42 to 46. 

     There is (42) _______ debate between archeologists about when and where the first civilizations developed. That is because the answer to that question depends on what one defines as a civilization. If a civilization is simply a small group of people having a similar culture and beliefs, then civilizations have existed in many parts of the world for thousands of years. If a civilization is defined as a larger, more complex society (43) _______ a government and the construction of cities, then the first civilization was probably the Sumerian civilization in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians were (44) _______ from the Ubaid culture, which was made up of small villages of farmers who lived slightly farther north. Sometime around 4,000 B.C. these farmers moved down into the valley along the Tigris River. 

     This land received little rain, and was unsuitable for farming. Therefore, it was empty and the Sumerians had plenty of (45) _______ and little competition from other peoples. What allowed the Sumerians to successfully farm in this dry land was their knowledge of irrigation, the practice of taking water from a river or lake and moving it to fields through the use of man-made canals. This allowed the Sumerians to farm here successfully (46) _______ the lack of rain. We know that the Sumerians had a great understanding of irrigation because their language is filled with words related to it.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions from 1 to 2. 

These students may be excellent. They will not get used to dealing with practical situations.

He hardly ever makes a mistake, ______?