Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50.
In a paper published in Science Advances, an international team of researchers have examined traits of marine megafauna species to better understand the potential ecological consequences of their extinction under different future scenarios.
Defined as the largest animals in the oceans, with a body mass that exceeds 45kg, examples include sharks, whales, seals and sea turtles. These species serve key roles in ecosystems, including the consumption of large amounts of biomass, transporting nutrients across habitats, connecting ocean ecosystems, and physically modifying habitats. Traits, such as how large they are, what they eat, and how far they move, determine species' ecological functions. As a result, measuring the diversity of traits allows scientists to quantify the contributions of marine megafauna to ecosystems and assess the potential consequences of their extinction.
The team of researchers -- led by Swansea University's Dr Catalina Pimiento -- first compiled a species-level trait dataset for all known marine megafauna to understand the extent of ecological functions they perform in marine systems. Then, after simulating future extinction scenarios and quantifying the potential impact of species loss on functional diversity, they introduced a new index (FUSE) to inform conservation priorities.
The results showed a diverse range of functional traits held by marine megafauna, as well as how the current extinction crisis might affect their functional diversity. If current trajectories are maintained, in the next 100 years we could lose, on average, 18% of marine megafauna species, which will translate in the loss of 11% of the extent of ecological functions. Nevertheless, if all currently threatened species were to go extinct, we could lose 40% of species and 48% of the extent of ecological functions. Sharks are predicted to be the most affected, with losses of functional richness far beyond those expected under random extinctions.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com/)Câu 44: Which of the following best serve as the title of the passage?
A. How marine megafauna species’ extinction affects the ecology
B. The consequences of trait examination of marine megafauna species
C. What should be examined in the research in marine megafauna species?
D. The causes of marine megafauna species’ extinction
Giải bởi Vietjack
Chọn đáp án A
Cái nào sau đây làm tiêu đề tốt nhất của đoạn văn?
A. Sự tuyệt chủng của các nhóm động vật biển ảnh hưởng như thế nào đến hệ sinh thái
B. Hậu quả của việc kiểm tra đặc điểm của các nhóm động vật biển
C. Cần kiểm tra những gì trong nghiên cứu ở các nhóm động vật biển?
D. Nguyên nhân tuyệt chủng của các nhóm động vật biển
=> Căn cứ vào các thông tin sau:
+ “In a paper published in Science Advances, an international team of researchers have examined traits of marine megafauna species to better understand the potential ecological consequences of their extinction under different future scenarios.”
(Trong một bài báo đăng trên tạp chí Science Advances, một nhóm các nhà nghiên cứu quốc tế đã kiểm tra các đặc điểm của các hệ động vật biển để hiểu rõ hơn về hậu quả sinh thái tiềm ẩn của sự tuyệt chủng của chúng theo các kịch bản khác nhau trong tương lai.)
+ These species serve key roles in ecosystems, including the consumption of large amounts of biomass, transporting nutrients across habitats, connecting ocean ecosystems, and physically modifying habitats.”
(Các loài này đóng những vai trò quan trọng trong hệ sinh thái, bao gồm tiêu thụ một lượng lớn sinh khối, vận chuyển chất dinh dưỡng qua các môi trường sống, kết nối các hệ sinh thái đại dương và thay đổi môi trường sống.)
+ “The results showed a diverse range of functional traits held by marine megafauna, as well as how the current extinction crisis might affect their functional diversity.”
(Kết quả cho thấy một loạt các đặc điểm chức năng mà hệ động vật biển nắm giữ, cũng như cuộc khủng hoảng tuyệt chủng hiện nay có thể ảnh hưởng như thế nào đến sự đa dạng chức năng của chúng.)
=> Từ đó, dễ thấy rằng bài văn đang bàn tới chủ đề: Sự tuyệt chủng của các nhóm động vật biển ảnh hưởng như thế nào đến hệ sinh thái.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 34 to 38.
How can solar cells become (34)__________ enough to be commercially viable?
There are, of course, a huge range of ongoing efforts to address this problem. Among the most recent approaches to this problem comes from a team of physicists and engineers at MIT (35)_____ is using computer modeling and advanced chip-manufacturing techniques.
In December of 2008, researchers from the Research Laboratory of Electronics, and the departments of materials science and engineering and physics applied an antireflection coating to the front of ultrathin silicon films, plus a novel combination of multi-layered reflective coatings and a tightly spaced array of lines to the backs of the films. The result is photovoltaic cells with as much as 50 (36)______ more electrical output.
The carefully designed layers deposited on the back of the cell cause light to (37) _________ around longer inside the silicon layer, giving it more time to deposit its energy and produce an electric current.
The work has attracted interest from industry for (38) _______ranging from generating remote off-grid electricity to dedicated clean power.
(Source: https://engineering.mit.edu/)
As a teacher, I am always eager to find ways to ___________ a love of learning in my students.
We hope the problem can be _____________ by getting the two sides together to discuss it.
The working conditions in their factories ____________ dramatically during the last few months.
When his father passed away, he received an _____________ amount of money from his estate.
If the plane tickets _____________ a little cheaper, my parents ____________ coming to visit me last month.
Maria is thanking Daniel for giving her a lift home.
Maria: "Thanks for taking me to my house."
Daniel: "You're welcome. ________________ now that I have a car."
My team lacked consistency in the competition. We lost all matches with an unacceptable result.
Câu 20: It gave my brother a kick to see his own play on television.
Câu 32: My father has many new clothes. However, he always wears his old coat.
A survey conducted by our team almost three weeks ago indicate that people's attitudes to the disabled are quite good.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 39 to 43.
Contrary to the perception that small talk is inconsequential, researchers have found that chit-chat actually has many profound benefits. “As we broke down daily interaction, we realized our most meaningful interactions are not when we’re talking about actual work. It’s when we’re greeting administrative staff, or the friendly gabbing before a meeting,” said Jessica R. Methot of Rutgers University and University of Exeter.
To measure the impact of small talk on employee well-being, the researchers surveyed 151 full-time employees working at traditional 9 to 5 jobs outside the home. After controlling for participants’ baseline engagement for small talk, the researchers queried about levels of small talk throughout the day, and asked respondents to rate their emotions, work productivity, and overall engagement.
“It didn’t matter if you were an introvert whose average amount of small talk was lower than what it is for an extrovert, small talk enhanced employees’ daily positive social emotions and contributed to employees feeling connected,” Methot said. Methot was quick to explain what small talk is not. It is not long-winded ranting about an ineffective supervisor. It is not a sensitive discussion about someone’s personal life. “It is surface level. It is ‘Weather looks great this weekend, any plans?’ Surface level is what gives it its benefits.”
Because small talk builds trust and connections, it also can lead to creative ideas and foster inclusiveness. “Culturally, there are differences in the content and cadence of small talk, which can create a barrier for new employees to engage with colleagues. In this age of greater awareness about diversity and inclusion, small talk can be an asset to a company. It can be a road to more inclusion by helping socialize and embed employees into the organizational culture.” Methot said.
(Source: https://journals.aom.org/)Câu 38: Which could be the best title of the passage?
She doesn't have time for idle talk, so you should cut to the ________ and tell her what you want.
Câu 24: Brian and Robert are discussing the topic of nutrition.
- Brian: “People should eat five daily portions of fruit and vegetables, as far as I'm concerned.”
- Robert “ ________________ since fruit and vegetables are packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber”
