In the past, polite men had stood up when women entered the room.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 34 to 40. 

     Roman gladiators are intriguing figures in history. We get "gladiator" from the Latin word gladius, which means sword. Gladiators were professional combatants who originally performed, to the death, at Etruscan funerals. The losers became armed attendants in the next world to the person whose funeral was being held. 

     In Rome, these exhibitions became very popular and increased in size from 3 pairs at the first known exhibition in 264 B.C. to 300 pairs in the middle of the first century B.C. These spectacles increased to as many as 100 pairs under the emperor Titus, while the emperor Trajan in 107 A.D. had 5,000 pairs of gladiators for his triumph. 

     There were various classes of gladiators, distinguished by their arms or modes of fighting. The Samnites fought with the national weapons - a large oblong shield, a visor, a plumed helmet, and a short sword. Thracians had a small round shield, called a buckler. And a dagger curved like a scythe. They usually fought the Mirmillones, who were armed in the Gallic fashion with helmet, sword and shield. Similarly, a Retiarius or net man, was often matched with a Secutor, or pursuer. The net man wore nothing but a short tunic or apron and tried to entangle the fully armed pursuer with the cast net he carried in his right hand. If successful, the net man dispatched the pursuer with a large, three pronged weapon called a trident, which the net man carried in his left. Others fought on horseback, and some carried a short sword in each hand. There were also gladiators who fought from chariots and others who tried to lasso their antagonists. 

     Gladiators came from a variety of social classes. Though they were usually slaves and criminals, a ruined man of high social position might hire himself out as a gladiator. Emperor Domitian had unusual gladiators, dwarfs and women, and the half-mad emperor Commodus fought in the arena, where he won his bouts with the aid of his Praetorian Guard. 

     To a victorious gladiator was given branches of palm and sometimes money. If they survived a number of combats, they were often freed from gladiatorial service. However, many gladiators reentered after discharge. Some became politically important bodyguards to controversial politicians. 

Evidence shows that the athletes won a lot of medals with hard practice for the games.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 7 to 11. 

     The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is plagues that flesh receives. The most widespread fallacy of all is that colds are caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions, explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes. 

     During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches cold and wet showed no increased tendency to catch colds. In the Second World War, prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp, naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds. 

     At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be sipped with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose. 

     If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching cold, why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most painstaking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on. No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin, but all they do is to relieve the symptoms. 

Everyone in the room burst into laughter when he _______ the other man so well.

"Tom, stop playing with the knife, or else you will get a cut." said the father.

There will be a sharp increase __________ the number of student enrolments for vocational training this year.

I bought that camera with a real _________. It's cheaper than I expected.

Volunteers taking part in the experiments in the Common Cold Research Unit ________.